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Gopher, also known as the Gopher protocol, is a TCP/IP-based protocol designed for distributing, searching, and retrieving documents on the internet. It was created at the University of Minnesota in 1991 as an alternative to the World Wide Web (WWW). Gopher was initially popular among academic institutions, and it grew quickly, but its popularity diminished with the rise of the WWW.

The Gopher protocol uses a hierarchical structure that organizes information into menus and submenus to create a simple, easy-to-use interface. It operates by using a client-server model, where a user connects to a server with a Gopher client, such as a web browser, and requests information. The server then responds with the requested information in a structured format that is easy to read.

The Gopher protocol is similar to the WWW in that it uses hyperlinks to connect information. However, Gopher links are simple and limited to text and images, whereas WWW links support more advanced media types, such as audio and video. Gopher also lacks the ability to display web pages with graphics, which is a significant disadvantage compared to the graphical user interface of the WWW.

Gopher is mostly used today as a curiosity by internet enthusiasts and hobbyists. However, it still has some practical uses, such as distributing software and other types of files, as well as accessing information that has not been converted to the WWW format.

In conclusion, the Gopher protocol was an essential part of the early development of the internet, and it played a significant role in shaping the way we access and distribute information online. Although its popularity has faded in recent years, Gopher remains an important and informative piece of internet history.